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novus homo
''Homo novus'' (or: ''novus homo'', Latin for "new man"; plural ''homines novi'') was the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul. When a man entered public life on an unprecedented scale for a high communal office, then the term used was ''novus civis'' (plural: ''novi cives'') or "new citizen".〔Becker, M.B., ''The Republican City State in Florence: An Inquiry into it origin and survival (1280-1434)'', Speculum, XXXV (1960), pp. 46-47〕
==History==
In the Early Republic, tradition held that both Senate membership and the consulship were restricted to patricians. When plebeians gained the right to this office during the Conflict of the Orders, all newly elected plebeians were naturally ''novi homines''. With time, ''novi homines'' became progressively rarer as some plebeian families became as entrenched in the Senate as their patrician colleagues. By the time of the First Punic War, it was already a sensation that ''novi homines'' were elected in two consecutive years (Gaius Fundanius Fundulus in 243 BC and Gaius Lutatius Catulus in 242 BC). In 63 BC, Cicero became the first ''novus homo'' in more than thirty years.〔Cicero, ''De lege agraria'', describes the interval as ''perlongo intervallo'' and his consulship "almost the first in living memory".〕
By the Late Republic, the distinction between the orders became less important. The consuls came from a new elite, the ''nobiles'' (noblemen), an artificial aristocracy of all who could demonstrate direct descent in the male line from a consul.〔First demonstrated in Matthias Gelzer, ''Die nobilität der römischen Republik'' 1912, correcting Theodor Mommsen's earlier proposition that all families possessing the ''ius imaginum'', that is, descended from curule magistrates, were designated ''nobili''. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, "Nobiles and Novi Reconsidered" ''The American Journal of Philology'' 107.2 (Summer 1986), pp. 255-260, assesses and rejects some apparent exceptions to Gelzer's rule.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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